Peace of Westphalia :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Peace of Westphalia The two treaties of Mà ¼nster and Osnabrà ¼ck, commonly known as the Peace of Westphalia, was the culminating element for the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War. It established a final religious settlement and provided for new political boundaries for the German states of central Europe. The impact of the Peace of Westphalia was broad and long-standing, as it dictated the future of Germany and ex-territories of the Holy Roman Empire for some time to come. The Peace of Westphalia put down the Counter Reformation in Germany and instituted the final religious arrangement the German states had been crying for. It renewed the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, namely that each state of the Empire received the liberty to be either Lutheran or Catholic as it chose; no individual freedom of religion was permitted. If a ruler or a free city decided for Lutheranism, then all persons had to be Lutheran. Similarly in Catholic states all had to be Catholic. In addition to re-instituting the Peace of Augsburg in its traditional form, the Peace of Westphalia included Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism as an acceptable faith. On the controversial issue of church territories secularized after 1552 the Protestants won a complete victory. With the advent of the Peace of Westphalia, the squabbling between Protestants and Catholics was finally put an end to. The Holy Roman Empire was officially dissolved with the Peace of Westphalia. This had been advanced with the drawing of internal religious frontiers in the days of Luther, although now it was confirmed. Borderlands of the Empire fell away. The Dutch and Swiss established themselves as independent, as did the United Provinces. The western frontier of the Empire was carved up among France, Sweden and the Dutch. France took control over three Lorraine bishoprics which they had occupied for a century. The Swedes received the bishoprics of Bremen and Verden and the western half of Pomerania, including the city of Stettin. Sweden enlarged its trans-Baltic possessions, and in addition claimed the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser rivers in Germany. The Dutch obtained only the mouths of the Rhine and the Scheldt. On the interior front of the Empire, both Brandenburg and Bavaria increased their statures. Brandenburg lay claim to eastern Pomerania, the large archbishopric of Magdeburg, and t wo smaller bishoprics. Bavaria received control of the Palatinate and a seat in the electoral college, increasing the Empire's electors to eight.

Psychology Essay

This required Portfolio assignment will provide you with the opportunity to practice and hone your research skills. It has been designed to help you think scientifically about real world problems and issues and to apply your knowledge of the research process to various topics in Psychology. This assignment accomplishes that goal by challenging you to: †¢ Differentiate between the common use of the word research and the use of the word research in the social and behavioral sciences †¢ Identify the major steps in the research process using a classic study in Psychology as an example. Part I: Defining Research The word research is used in many different ways. Consider the following examples: †¢ Your friend tells you that he intends to research different hair products before deciding on one to buy. †¢ A real estate agent advises you to research home values in your neighborhood before putting your house on the market. †¢ A police officer reports that she is doing ‘some research’ on possible motives for a crime that was committed. †¢ A writer states that he does ‘extensive research’ before beginning his fictional works. Answer the questions below: 1. How is research defined in the social and behavioral sciences? 2. What makes scientific research different from the examples provided above? In your response, be sure to address the characteristics of ‘good’ psychological research. Part II: Understanding the research process Researchers in Psychology follow a systematic process of investigation. Carefully read Chapter 2 of your textbook, paying special attention to the section on Experimental Research. Then go to Chapter 7 in your textbook and read the following section: Research In-Depth: Counterfactuals and â€Å"If Only†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thinking. Answer the questions below, using Medvec & colleagues’ first study as an example: 1. What hypothesis did Medvec & colleagues set out to test in their first study of the ‘near miss’ phenomenon? Describe the theory associated with this hypothesis. 2. Identify the variables in the study and describe how they were measured. How did the researchers operationalize (test or measure) affective response upon winning a bronze or silver medal? 3. Who were the participants in the study and what did they do? 4. Describe the data that were collected and analyzed. 5. Describe the results of the study. What did the researchers conclude? 6. If you were to design a follow-up experiment on this subject, what might it be?

How Can We Be Happy Often We Find That Our Unhappiness

How can we be happy? Often we find that our unhappiness is the child of some others doing. Someone slighted in someway, or our failures are the direct result of another s actions. It seems as though every negative result in our life was at the hands of others. How can we possibly be happy when so many people cause us pain? Existentialism suggests that the true root of our sadness is not others doing but our own. Existentialism asks us to take control of our own life and understand that all of our action are truly our own. In essence, by taking control of our lives we are the ultimate deciders of our own destiny, and we can not help but be satisfied with the outcomes of our decisions because we are the ones who made them.†¦show more content†¦Once man comes to life, he has only his lifespan to decide his own meaning. So what is one’s life, if there is no meaning. How would one characterize the human life? To an existentialist a life is only the actions a man tak es, â€Å"a man is nothing but what he makes of himself† (Pojman, Vaughn 595). The essence of a man is simply their life. While that may seem obvious the implication is that we are defined by what we do, not what we believe or what we think we are a part of. In the words of Inez, â€Å"You are—your life, and nothing else† (Sartre 25). The responsibility to find our own meaning is a large one. Because we are only our lives, and there is nothing after, how can we make the best of this short period we have? Simply we must find what out what we want our lives to mean to us, and pursue that to the best of our ability. Finding your meaning requires you understand your true self. Who you really are, how you see yourself. What Sartre describes as â€Å"the gaze† is the theory that humans often see themselves how others see them. And thus one s self image is in fact the how the many see the one, and not how the one sees himself. The gaze makes you a slave to to others. One may feel a lack of freedom to do as they please out of fear that others may judge them. It’s painful. In No Exit, Estelle is tortured by the lack of mirrors in the room. She can only see herself through the literal and figurative eyes of Inez and Garcin.Show MoreRelatedHappiness Is The Most Common Misconception Of Happiness907 Words   |  4 Pagesdoes not want to be happy. We live every single day in hope to find happiness, which also known as pursuit of happiness. We strive to bring happiness in our life. Nonetheless, along the journey to find happiness, some people stumble and find themselves unhappy instea d. One might question why, but actually we all have different value and understanding to describe happiness. 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